Titanic: Towards Production Federated Learning with Large Language Models
Bibliographic record
Abstract
With the recent surge of research interests in Large Language Models (LLMs), a natural question that arises is how pre-trained LLMs can be fine-tuned to tailor to specific needs of enterprises and individual users, while preserving the privacy of data used in the fine-tuning process. On the one hand, sending private data to cloud datacenters for fine-tuning is, without a doubt, unacceptable from a privacy perspective. On the other hand, conventional federated learning requires each client to perform local training, which is not feasible for LLMs with respect to both computation costs and communication overhead, since they involve billions of model parameters. In this paper, we present Titanic, a new distributed training paradigm that allows LLMs to be fine-tuned in a privacy-preserving fashion directly on the client devices where private data is produced, while operating within the resource constraints on computation and communication bandwidth. Titanic first optimally selects a subset of clients with an efficient solution to an integer optimization problem, then partitions an LLM across multiple client devices, and finally fine-tunes the model with no or minimal losses in training performance. A primary focus in the design of Titanic is its feasibility in real-world systems: it is first and foremost designed for production-quality systems, featuring a model-agnostic partitioning mechanism that is fully automated. Our experimental results show that Titanic achieves superior training performance as compared to conventional federated learning, while preserving data privacy and satisfying all constraints on local computation and bandwidth resources.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.016 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Open science | 0.005 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".