Placing the History of Jamaican Immigrant Organizations in Toronto, Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article proposes a typology of Jamaican immigrant organizations in Toronto, Canada and examines the circumstances shaping the establishment of immigrant organizations with diverse orientations within this immigrant group. This analysis is informed by archival research that involved the examination of Caribbean newspapers including Th e Share, Contrast and The Islander that published articles about events and concerns particular to Caribbean communities in Toronto, Canada between 1960 and 2005.Information about the number and types of organizations established by Jamaican immigrants was obtained through a combination of internet research and information from the Consulate Generals Office of Jamaican in Toronto, Canada. The research shows that Jamaican immigrants have established more than 80 organizations of various types namely sociocultural, political, ethnic, alumni and special interest organizations. Additionally, the research asserts that there are ethno-specific and social spatial factors that contributed to the establishment of these organizations. Specifically, the desire to encourage sense of belonging in the place of residence through the celebration of events particular to their identity, increasing ethnic diversity within the group and changes in the availability of settlement assistance for immigrants in Toronto are factors that contributed to the establishment of diverse Jamaican immigrant organizations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.024 | 0.007 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".