Materials Design and Mechanistic Understanding of Tellurium and Tellurium–Sulfur Cathodes for Rechargeable Batteries
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Conspectus The market demand for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has been proliferating in wide applications, from portable electronics and electric vehicles to renewable energy storage, due to their advantages of high energy density and reliable life cycles. Currently, further development of LIBs is hindered by the limited specific/volumetric capacity and high cost of conventional intercalation-type cathode materials. In this context, sulfur (S) has gained intensive attention as a conversion-type cathode because of its abundance, low cost, and high theoretical capacity (1675 mAh g –1 ). However, the insulating nature of S causes severe issues of sluggish redox kinetics, low S utilization, and unsatisfactory practical capacity. So far, extensive efforts have been devoted to boosting Li–S redox kinetics and enhancing cycling stability by inhibiting the shuttle effect, including developing functional electrolyte additives, introducing redox catalysts, and tailoring the S cathode structure. Partially substituting S atoms in S 8 rings with high-electrical-conductivity elements (e.g., selenium, 1 × 10 –3 S m –1 ) at the molecular level proves to be an effective strategy for tackling the above-mentioned challenges in Li–S batteries. It is noteworthy that tellurium (Te), with remarkable electrical conductivity (2 × 10 2 S m –1 ) and high density (6.24 g cm –3 ), is a promising battery electrode material that can realize fast electron transport and deliver volumetric capacity comparable to that of S or Se. Additionally, Te–S molecular regulation is one facile strategy to reshape Li–S chemistry, accelerate redox kinetics, and manipulate the lithiation/delithiation behaviors. Te is an effective eutectic accelerator that prevents polysulfide dissolution in Li–S batteries under the dissolution–deposition mechanism. Meanwhile, the Li–Te electrochemistry can contribute to reversible capacity in Li–Te x S y batteries through Te–Li 2 Te conversion and enhance the materials utilization of Te x S y . This Account highlights state-of-the-art advancements in applying Te or Te x S y as high-capacity cathodes for rechargeable batteries. First, battery configuration and reaction pathways in Li–Te batteries are discussed, followed by the introduction of cathode design strategies to improve cathode structure stability. The limitations of this Te-only cathode are outlined in terms of the abundance, cost, and energy density. Second, the role of Te in Li–S chemistry is clarified by the analysis of the crystal structure, electrochemical behaviors, solid electrolyte interphase composition, and energy profiles. Third, recent progresses on quasi-solid-state Li–Te batteries have been introduced, focusing on flexible gel polymer electrolytes with adjustable ionic conductivity. Afterward, advancements in interface engineering by the atomic layer deposition technique in metal–Te batteries are highlighted. Additionally, mechanistic analysis in emerging zinc–Te x S y batteries with outstanding areal capacity is demonstrated. Finally, we provide insightful perspectives on the future directions of material design in Te-based energy storage technologies. This Account is expected to deepen the fundamental understanding of metal–Te/Te x S y chemistry and offer inspiration for the further development of Te-based high-energy-density rechargeable batteries.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".