Design and Characterization of Twisted and Coiled Polymers and Their Applications as Soft Actuators
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study is an experimental investigation of twisted and coiled polymer actuators, focusing on characterization of the effects of design and operating parameters on the actuator performance. Using nylon-6 monofilaments, a custom fabrication and testing setup was designed to enable control of the operating conditions, precursor fiber diameter, actuator spring index, motor speed, training conditions, coil bias angle, pre-stretch of the precursor fiber, and pre-stretch of the actuator. Isotonic, isometric, and eccentric contraction tests were performed to evaluate each parameter’s effects on actuator stroke, force, and range in variable stiffness. Results demonstrate that optimal actuator performance is influenced by the operating conditions, selection of precursor fiber diameter, spring index, coil bias angle, training conditions, and the magnitude of pre-stretch in the precursor fiber and fully coiled actuator. This comprehensive experimental evaluation aims to assist in the optimization of twisted and coiled polymer actuators tailored to specific stroke, force, and variable stiffness performance requirements.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".