A Lightweight Ultrasound Image Denoiser Using Parallel Attention Modules and Capsule Generative Adversarial Network
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The quality of ultrasound (US) imaging has been constrained by its limited contrast and resolution, inherent speckle noise, and the presence of other artifacts. Existing traditional and deep learning-based US denoising approaches have many limitations, such as reliance on manual parameter configurations, poor performance for unknown noise levels, the requirement for a large number of training data, and high computational expense. To address these challenges, we propose a novel Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) based denoiser. Capsule networks are utilized in both the generator and discriminator of the proposed GAN to capture intricate sparse features with less complexity. In addition, bias components are removed from all neurons of the generator to handle the unknown noise levels. A parallel attention module is also included in the proposed model to further enhance denoising performance. The proposed approach is trained in a semi-supervised manner and can thus be trained with fewer labeled images. Experimental evaluation on publicly available HC18 and BUSI datasets showed that the proposed approach achieved state-of-the-art denoising performance, with PSNR values of 33.86 and 34.16, and SSIM indices of 0.91 and 0.90, respectively. Moreover, experiments showed that the proposed approach is lightweight and more than twice as fast as similar denoisers.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".