Dispersion of particles in a sessile droplet evaporating on a heated substrate
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
A coupled volume-of-fluid (VOF) and discrete element model (DEM) is developed and used to study the dispersion of particles in an evaporating pinned sessile droplet on a heated substrate. Fully resolved simulations of evaporating droplets are performed to study the effects of substrate temperature and the Marangoni stresses to study the fluid flow and temperature distribution within the droplet. The fluid flow inside the evaporating droplets is used to predict the behavior of particles, studying the effect of relative particle density and the aforementioned effects on the particle dispersion within the droplet. This study shows that the presence of Marangoni stresses significantly affects the flow and temperature distribution inside the droplet, which, in turn, influences the dispersion of particles in the droplet. The fluid velocity induced by the Marangoni stresses is nearly two orders of magnitude larger than the velocity generated by capillary flow as a result of evaporation, promoting a strong convective mixing within the droplet, while working to equilibrate the temperature distribution at the interface. In the absence of Marangoni stresses, the dispersion of particles is governed by the competing effects of adsorption by the downward-moving interface as a result of evaporation, and particle sedimentation under the influence of gravity. However, both these effects become less dominant in the presence of a flow induced by the Marangoni stresses, causing the particles to initially move toward the apex of the droplet along the interface and, subsequently, toward a stagnation point on the interface. • Two stage VOF–DEM based model for dispersion of particles in evaporating sessile droplets. • Marangoni flow maintains a monotonic interface temperature, resulting in a single vortex flow inside the droplet. • Without Marangoni stresses, the interface capturing competes with the sedimentation of particles. • When the Marangoni stresses are weak, multiple vortices appear inside the droplet resulting in ring-like dispersion.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it