A Low-Energy Variable Air Gap-Based Reluctance-Actuated Motion System
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article presents a design and characterization of a motion stage driven by a low-energy reluctance actuator (RA). The low-energy concept reflects the ability of the RA to generate a high force with low current values due to the quadratic relation of the force with the input current. First, the critical voltage is determined for stable operation; then, the open-loop response is obtained under different applied voltages. The experimental results show that the motion stage exhibits nonlinear force characteristics. Second, a feedforward controller is proposed to linearize the dynamic behavior of the RA. The experimental results show the ability of the proposed feedforward controller to achieve linear input-output characteristics between the desired force and the measured force. Next, a state feedback controller based on a robust backstepping approach is designed to achieve the desired displacement, considering the force errors due to the bounded open-loop compensation, which can be reduced by tuning the controller gains. The experimental results show the ability to achieve a tracking to a step reference signal with an error less than 2% and to a sinusoidal reference signal with a tracking error less than 15% of motion range for a moving mass about of 1.6 kg.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".