Bibliographic record
Abstract
Multiple transboundary animal diseases (TADs) circulate in Northern Nigeria, where livestock keeping is a common practice and contributes to both physical and socioeconomic wellbeing of a large proportion of the population. Environmental samples, collected on a monthly basis from five households, one transhumance site and one livestock market in Northern Nigeria between March and October 2021 were tested using real-time PCR for the presence of common TADs in the region. Of the samples tested 2.4% of samples (n=11) were positive for peste de petit ruminants virus (PPRV) RNA and 1.3% of samples (n=6) were positive for capripox virus DNA. A capripox differentiation assay showed that these samples were positive for sheep pox virus (SPPV) (n=2), goat pox virus (GTPV) (n=2) and lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) (n=2).The results of this study demonstrate that environmental sampling is a valuable approach to TAD surveillance in areas with limited veterinary resources. Collection of environmental swabs requires little technical knowledge, enabling widespread application of this sampling method. The detection of multiple viruses from a single set of samples highlights the effective nature of environmental sampling in determining the presence of TADs within a region.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.042 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.006 | 0.006 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.697 | 0.448 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".