Personality and cognitive factors implicated in depression and anxiety in multiple sclerosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
• Depression and anxiety share a common core of personality and cognitive factors. • Depression may be partially discriminated by a specific set of traits and cognitive factors. • Relationships varied as a function of age, gender, and MS type, highlighting the importance of variables in formulating depression and anxiety. • Future research is needed for higher quality research with adequate reporting on participant characteristics, elevated levels of depression and anxiety, and multimorbidities. Depression and anxiety are prevalent among persons living with multiple sclerosis (plwMS) and are linked to negative prognostic outcomes. Cognitive theories posit that personality and cognitive factors confer risk for depression and anxiety. This meta-analytic review aimed to synthesise evidence on personality and cognitive factors related to depression and anxiety in MS and determine whether sociodemographic and clinical variables moderate factor-symptom relations. This systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression was prospectively registered (CRD42020192253). Publications were identified through database searches (Medline, Embase, PsycInfo, WebofScience, Proquest) and considered if they included a sample of individuals with clinically definite MS (age ≥11 years) and a measure of depression or anxiety and a personality or cognitive factor. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was applied to assess methodological rigor. A total of 99 studies were included in the narrative synthesis (97 samples; N = 13,609; M age = 44.20±7.26), with 77 contributing effects on 24 factors for random-effects meta-analyses. The most robust relationships were between depression and anxiety and higher neuroticism, lower extraversion, emotion dysregulation, and illness perceptions of serious MS consequences and a strong MS identity ( r 's=0.28–0.59). A set of factors exhibited specificity for depression, including psychological inflexibility ( r = 0.62) and optimism ( r = -0.43). Relationships varied as a function of age, gender, and MS-type. Limited data availability prevented evaluation of heterogeneity in all cases, and prospective conclusions. Exclusion criteria in the included studies reduced the generalisability findings. Findings highlight shared and distinct factors implicated in depression and anxiety, offering insights for tailored interventions.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.010 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it