Effect of chemical composition on fabrication of HAp-YSZ-Ti composites by spark plasma sintering method
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This research examines the thermal behavior and sintering characteristics of hydroxyapatite (HAp) composites with yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) and titanium using the spark plasma sintering (SPS) method. This study uses simultaneous thermal analysis (STA) to investigate the decomposition behavior of composites. During the sintering process, data on displacement, temperature, time, and current were recorded. A key challenge encountered was the fracture and crushing of the samples after the sintering process. The results show that the decomposition temperature of pure HAp (sample 0-100) occurs around 800 °C. In contrast, adding 4% titanium and 6% YSZ to the sample composition increases the decomposition temperature above 1000 °C. A further increase in YSZ content, up to 31%, leads to a decomposition temperature of approximately 1000 °C. These findings show that the presence of titanium and its conversion to TiO2, together with YSZ, increases the stability of the composite materials and thus reduces HAp decomposition and affects the thermal behavior of the sintered samples.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".