Chitin and Cellulose as Constituents of Efficient, Sustainable, and Flexible Zinc-Ion Hybrid Supercapacitors
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A zinc-ion hybrid supercapacitor (ZIHS) is a prospective energy storage device featuring cost-effectiveness, operational safety, environmental friendliness, high-power performance, and satisfied energy density.1 The sustainability of this ZIHS technology is even improved by introducing biopolymer constituents into the cell construction.2 Herein, efficient, sustainable, and flexible ZIHSs employing polysaccharide (chitin- or cellulose-based) components are developed.3 Using green ionic liquid solvents, biopolymer-bound, activated carbon-based cathode materials and hydrogel biopolymer electrolytes containing conductive zinc salts are obtained. According to systematical characterization results, the prepared materials possess favorable functional properties. Biopolymer binders provide homogeneity and integrity within the electrode network and high adhesion to the surface of the current collector. Depending on the type of zinc salt, hydrogel biopolymer electrolytes display high ionic conductivity (up to 46 mS cm−1), expanded electrochemical stability window (up to ca. 2.8 V), and zinc dendrites growth suppression. Biopolymer components assembled with zinc foil electrodes operate efficiently in both coin and pouch ZIHS cell configurations, providing satisfactory energy (45–50 Wh kg−1) and high power (10–20 kW kg−1) density combined with excellent cycle stability. Moreover, these ZIHS pouch-type devices exhibit superior durability and flexibility, withstanding mechanical stress up to 150° bending states with at least 90% of capacitance retention. It suggests a prospect for their application in wearable electronics.4 References (1) Wang, Y.; Sun, S.; Wu, X.; Liang, H.; Zhang, W. Status and Opportunities of Zinc Ion Hybrid Capacitors: Focus on Carbon Materials, Current Collectors, and Separators. Nano-Micro Lett. 2023, 15 (1), 78. (2) Kasprzak, D.; Mayorga-Martinez, C. C.; Pumera, M. Sustainable and Flexible Energy Storage Devices : A Review. Energy & Fuels 2023, 37, 74–97. (3) Kasprzak, D.; Liu, J. Chitin and Cellulose as Constituents of Efficient, Sustainable, and Flexible Zinc-Ion Hybrid Supercapacitors. Sustain. Mater. Technol. 2023, 38, e00726. (4) Dubal, D. P.; Chodankar, N. R.; Kim, D. H.; Gomez-Romero, P. Towards Flexible Solid-State Supercapacitors for Smart and Wearable Electronics. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2018, 47 (6), 2065–2129. Figure 1. Graphical abstract of the research on biopolymer-based Zn-ion hybrid supercapacitors. Figure 1
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".