Assessing the contribution of different upper limb degrees of freedom to an unconstrained shoulder proprioception task
Bibliographic record
Abstract
For the purpose of testing shoulder joint proprioception while controlling for axioscapular muscle recruitment, a novel shoulder thoracohumeral (TH) rotation joint position sense (JPS) measurement device was designed. This device was intended to measure shoulder TH rotation, while also implicitly constraining other upper limb degrees of freedom (DOF) and minimizing cutaneous sensation. The purpose of this study was to determine whether joint motion aside from shoulder TH rotation is being captured by the shoulder JPS measurement device. Upper limb kinematics were collected from 32 participants during joint angle matching trials using the shoulder JPS measurement device. Step wise multiple regression revealed that shoulder TH rotation (β-Humeral Rotation = 0.409, p < 0.001), and wrist deviation (β-Wrist Deviation = 0.104, p = 0.008) both contributed a significant unique variance in the prediction of shoulder JPS measurement device rotation. Findings suggest that seated, unconstrained shoulder TH rotation JPS testing protocols in literature may be confounded by contributions from joints both proximal and distal to the shoulder. Researchers should be aware of the limitations of both constrained and unconstrained shoulder TH rotation JPS testing protocols.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".