Factors associated with cognitive impairment before intracerebral haemorrhage: community-based neuropathological study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Little is known about whether clinical, radiological or neuropathological features are associated with cognitive impairment before intracerebral haemorrhage. We conducted a community-based cohort study of 125 adults with intracerebral haemorrhage (lobar n = 71, non-lobar n = 54) with consent to brain autopsy. We compared small vessel disease biomarkers on diagnostic CT head and neuropathological findings including neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques in adults without cognitive impairment versus cognitive impairment without dementia versus dementia before intracerebral haemorrhage, stratified by lobar and non-lobar intracerebral haemorrhage. In non-lobar intracerebral haemorrhage, severe cortical atrophy was less common in those without cognitive impairment (8/36, 22%) and cognitive impairment without dementia (0/9, 0%) versus dementia (5/9, 56%); P = 0.008. Irrespective of intracerebral haemorrhage location, adults without cognitive impairment had milder neurofibrillary tangle pathology measured by median Braak stage (lobar intracerebral haemorrhage: no cognitive impairment 2 [interquartile range, 2–3] versus cognitive impairment without dementia 4 [2–6] versus dementia 5.5 [4–6]; P = 0.004; non-lobar intracerebral haemorrhage: no cognitive impairment 2 [1–2] versus cognitive impairment without dementia 2 [1–2] versus dementia 5 [3–6]; P < 0.001). Irrespective of intracerebral haemorrhage location, adults without cognitive impairment had milder amyloid plaque pathology measured by median Thal stage (lobar intracerebral haemorrhage: no cognitive impairment 2 [1–2] versus cognitive impairment without dementia 2 [2–3] versus dementia 2.5 [2–3.5]; P = 0.033; non-lobar intracerebral haemorrhage: no cognitive impairment 1 [0–1] versus cognitive impairment without dementia 0 [0–2] versus dementia 3 [2–3]; P = 0.002). Our findings suggest that irrespective of intracerebral haemorrhage location, adults with cognitive impairment before an intracerebral haemorrhage have more Alzheimer’s disease neuropathologic change.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".