Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract This chapter considers issues in Jewish law that arose in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in an intensive period of Halakhic innovation unparalleled since the mid-twentieth century. It analyzes the halakhic decisions made across a variety of communities with an eye to the significance of those responses on the broader understanding of halakhah in the contemporary world. It studies how decisors applied the halakhic concept of Pikkuah Nefesh (saving a life) in navigating the health risks associated with the highly infectious disease and the related social distancing guidelines. Halakhic authorities carefully debated the scope of this principle and its application to decisions regarding halakhic practices such as communal prayer in a minyan quorum and the use of Mikveh ritual baths for women. The chapter also explores halakhic approaches to the use of video technology for forming a quorum and other rituals requiring halakhic presence, several approaches relating to vaccination, and a number of other halakhic debates that took place over the pandemic. Finally, it considers shifting models of halakhic authority during the pandemic, and the relationship between halakhic decisors and government officials and regulators, focusing primarily on the United States and Israel.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.008 | 0.013 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".