The Effect of Combined Balance Exercise on Knee Range of Motion, Balance, Gait, and Functional Outcomes in Acute Phase Following Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Single-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) improves balance performance in patients with osteoarthritis; however, balance deficit and fall incidence after TKA have been reported. This study aimed to determine the effects of combined balance exercises on knee range of motion (ROM), balance, gait, and functional outcomes during the acute phase after TKA. Materials and Methods: A total of 42 participants were randomly assigned to either the combined balance group (n = 21) or the general physical therapy (control) group (n = 21). The combined balance exercise group performed exercise programs for 30 min per session, five times a week for 4 weeks (20 sessions), and the control group completed general physical therapy, which included active simple exercise. Measurements were performed before and after the 4 weeks of training to assess changes in the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC), knee joint ROM, static balance, timed up-and-go (TUG), and 10 m walk test (10 MWT). Results: The combined balance exercise group demonstrated significant improvements post intervention (p < 0.05) for all outcomes. The time × group interaction effect for the WOMAC scores showed statistically significant interaction effects for pain, stiffness, and physical function; the static and dynamic balance values showed statistically significant interaction effects for CEA, PL, AV, and TUG; and gait ability showed a significant interaction effect for the 10 m walk test (p < 0.05). Conclusions: This study confirmed that combined balance training with general physical therapy has a positive effect on ROM, static and dynamic balance, gait, and functional outcomes in the acute phase post TKA and that combined balance exercise can be proposed as a rapid rehabilitation intervention with general physical therapy following TKA.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.007 | 0.003 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".