Adaptive optics at Gemini observatories: past, present, and future
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Gemini Observatory operates twin 8m telescopes, one located in the Southern hemisphere, on Cerro Pachón in Chile, and one located in the Northern hemisphere, on Maunakea in Hawai’i. Currently, the Observatory operates 2 Adaptive Optics (AO) systems. Gemini South is equipped with the Gemini Multi-Conjugate Adaptive Optics System (GeMS), a wide field AO system, operating with 5 laser-guide stars and providing a uniform image quality (10% to 30% Strehl Ratio in the 1 to 2.5μm range) over an 85”x85” field-of-view. The ALTitude conjugate Adaptive optics for the InfraRed NGS/LGS Single-Conjugate Adaptive Optics system which operates in the 1 to 2.5μm range is located at Gemini North. A new AO workhorse facility is currently being developed for Gemini North, the Gemini North Adaptive Optics system (GNAO) which will feed the Gemini Infrared Multi-Object Spectrograph (GIRMOS). GNAO has a wide-field mode with improved image quality over a 2 arcminute field-of-view (FoV), and a laser tomography mode with diffraction-limited performance over a 20”x20” FoV. GIRMOS implements multi-object adaptive optics for each of its four integral field spectrographs; it also contains a near infrared imager, which can benefit from both wide and narrowfield AO capabilities. In addition, the Gemini Planetary Imager completed its science mission at Gemini South, is currently being upgraded (GPI2.0) and is planned to be installed at Gemini North in 2025. A wide-field Ground-Layer Adaptive Optics feasibility study using an Adaptive Secondary Mirror has been completed and preparations for a Conceptual Design Study are underway. This paper summarizes our operational adaptive optics (AO) facilities, the status of our ongoing AO development projects, and finally our longer-range observatory AO roadmap.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.007 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.009 | 0.004 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".