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First Very Long Baseline Interferometry Detections at 870 μm
Alexander W. Raymond, Sheperd S. Doeleman, Keiichi Asada, Lindy Blackburn, Geoffrey C. Bower, Michael Bremer, Dominique Broguière, Ming‐Tang Chen, G. Crew, Sven Dornbusch, Vincent L. Fish, Roberto García, Olivier Gentaz, C. Goddi, Chih-Chiang Han, M. H. Hecht, Teddy Huang, Michaël Janssen, Garrett K. Keating, Jun Yi Koay, T. P. Krichbaum, Wen-Ping Lo, Satoki Matsushita, Lynn D. Matthews, J. M. Moran, Timothy Norton, Nimesh Patel, Dominic W. Pesce, Venkatessh Ramakrishnan, Helge Rottmann, A. L. Roy, Salvador Sánchez, R. P. J. Tilanus, Michael Titus, Pablo Torné, Jan Wagner, Jonathan Weintroub, Maciek Wielgus, André Young, Kazunori Akiyama, Ezequiel Albentosa-Ruíz, A. Alberdi, Walter Alef, Juan Carlos Algaba, Richard Anantua, Rebecca Azulay, U. Bach, Anne-Kathrin Baczko, David Ball, Mislav Baloković, Bidisha Bandyopadhyay, John Barrett, Michi Bauböck, B. A. Benson, Dan Bintley, R. Blundell, Katherine L. Bouman, Hope Boyce, Roger Brissenden, S. Britzen, Avery E. Broderick, Thomas Bronzwaer, Sandra Bustamante, J. E. Carlstrom, Andrew Chael, Chi‐kwan Chan, Dominic O. Chang, Koushik Chatterjee, Shami Chatterjee, Xiaopeng Cheng, Ilje Cho, Pierre Christian, Nicholas S. Conroy, J. E. Conway, T. M. Crawford, Alejandro Cruz-Osorio, Yuzhu Cui, Rohan Dahale, Jordy Davelaar, Mariafelicia De Laurentis, Roger Deane, Jessica Dempsey, G. Desvignes, Jason Dexter, Vedant Dhruv, Indu K. Dihingia, Sergio A. Dzib, Ralph P. Eatough, Razieh Emami, H. Falcke, Joseph Farah, E. B. Fomalont, Anne-Laure Fontana, H. Alyson Ford, Marianna Foschi, Raquel Fraga-Encinas, William T. Freeman, Per Friberg, Christian M. Fromm, Antonio Fuentes, Peter Galison, Charles F. Gammie, Boris Georgiev, Roman Gold, Arturo I. Gómez-Ruiz, José L. Gómez, Minfeng Gu, Mark Gurwell, Kazuhiro Hada, Daryl Haggard, Ronald Hesper, Dirk Heumann, Luis C. Ho, Paul T. P. Ho, Mareki Honma, Lei Huang, D. H. Hughes, Shiro Ikeda, C. M. Violette Impellizzeri, Makoto Inoue, Sara Issaoun, D. J. James, Buell T. Jannuzi, Britton Jeter, Wu Jiang, Alejandra Jiménez-Rosales, Michael D. Johnson, Svetlana G. Jorstad, Adam C. Jones, Abhishek V. Joshi, Taehyun Jung, R. Karuppusamy, Tomohisa Kawashima, Mark Kettenis, Dong-Jin Kim, Jae-Young Kim, Jongsoo Kim, Junhan Kim, Motoki Kino, Prashant Kocherlakota, Yutaro Kofuji, Patrick M. Koch, Shoko Koyama, C. Krämer, Joana A. Kramer, Derek Kubo, Cheng‐Yu Kuo, Noemi La Bella, Sang-Sung Lee, Aviad Levis, Rocco Lico, Greg Lindahl, M. Lindqvist, Mikhail Lisakov, Kuo Liu, Elisabetta Liuzzo, A. P. Lobanov, Laurent Loinard, C. J. Lonsdale, A. E. Lowitz, Ru-Sen Lu, Nicholas R. MacDonald, Sylvain Mahieu, D. Maier, N. Marchili, Sera Markoff, Daniel P. Marrone, Alan P. Marscher, I. Martí‐Vidal, Lia Medeiros, K. M. Menten, Izumi Mizuno, Yosuke Mizuno, J. Montgomery, Kotaro Moriyama, Monika Mościbrodzka, Wanga Mulaudzi, Cornelia Müller, Hendrik Müller, Alejandro Mus, Gibwa Musoke, I. Myserlis, Hiroshi Nagai, Neil M. Nagar, Masanori Nakamura, Gopal Narayanan, Iniyan Natarajan, Antonios Nathanail, Santiago Navarro Fuentes, Joey Neilsen, Chunchong Ni, Michael A. Nowak, Hiroki Okino, Héctor Olivares, Tomoaki Oyama, Feryal Özel, Daniel C. M. Palumbo, Georgios Filippos Paraschos, Jongho Park, Harriet Parsons, Ue‐Li Pen, V. Piétu, Aleksandar PopStefanija, Oliver Porth, Ben Prather, G. Principe, Dimitrios Psaltis, Hung-Yi Pu, Philippe Raffin, Ramprasad Rao, Mark G. Rawlings, Angelo Ricarte, Bart Ripperda, Freek Roelofs, Cristina Romero-Cañizales, E. Ros, Arash Roshanineshat, Ignacio Ruiz, Chet Ruszczyk, K. L. J. Rygl, David Sánchez-Argüelles, M. Sánchez‐Portal, Mahito Sasada, Kaushik Satapathy, T. Savolainen, F. Peter Schloerb, Jonathan Schonfeld, K. Schüster, Lijing Shao, Zhi-Qiang Shen, Des Small, Bong Won Sohn, Jason Soohoo, L. Salas, Kamal Souccar, Ranjani Srinivasan, Joshua S. Stanway, He Sun, Fumie Tazaki, Alexandra J. Tetarenko, Paul Tiede, Kenji Toma, Teresa Toscano, Efthalia Traianou, Tyler Trent, Sascha Trippe, Matthew Turk, Ilse van Bemmel, Huib Jan van Langevelde, Daniel R. van Rossum, Jesse Vos, D. Ward–Thompson, J. F. C. Wardle, Jasmin E. Washington, Robert Wharton, K. Wiik, Gunther Witzel, Michael F. Wondrak, George N. Wong, Qingwen Wu, Nitika Yadlapalli, Paul Yamaguchi, Aristomenis Yfantis, Doosoo Yoon, Ziri Younsi, Wei Yu, Ye‐Fei Yuan, Ye‐Fei Yuan, J. A. Zensus, Shuo Zhang, Guang-Yao Zhao, Shan-Shan Zhao
Bibliographic record
VenueThe Astronomical Journal · 2024
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldPhysics and Astronomy
TopicAstrophysical Phenomena and Observations
Canadian institutionsUniversity of LethbridgeCanadian Institute for Theoretical AstrophysicsUniversity of TorontoPerimeter InstituteUniversity of WaterlooCanadian Institute for Advanced ResearchMcGill University
FundersLos Alamos National LaboratoryOak Ridge National LaboratoryHigh Energy PhysicsOffice of International Science and EngineeringNational Key Research and Development Program of ChinaAgencia Estatal de InvestigaciónConsejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasFundação para a Ciência e a TecnologiaJapan Society for the Promotion of ScienceHORIZON EUROPE Framework ProgrammePhysics Division, National Center for Theoretical SciencesSmithsonian Astrophysical ObservatoryJet Propulsion LaboratoryNational Nuclear Security AdministrationOffice of ScienceToray Science FoundationEast Asian Core Observatories AssociationInstitut Périmètre de physique théoriqueNational Science and Technology CouncilAgencia Nacional de Investigación y DesarrolloFundación Bancaria Caixa d'Estalvis i Pensions de BarcelonaIstituto Nazionale di Fisica NucleareEuropean Research CouncilMax-Planck-GesellschaftCentre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueMinistry of Education, IndiaNational Natural Science Foundation of ChinaNational Research Foundation of KoreaMinisterio de Ciencia, Innovación y UniversidadesNuclear Safety and Security CommissionGeneralitat ValencianaNational Science FoundationChina Postdoctoral Science FoundationInstituto de Astrofísica de AndalucíaDeutsche ForschungsgemeinschaftNederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk OnderzoekChinese Academy of SciencesAcademia SinicaJunta de AndalucíaUniversiteit van AmsterdamLeverhulme TrustEuropean CommissionNational Radio Astronomy ObservatoryFundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São PauloRadboud UniversiteitNational Research FoundationUniversity of PretoriaNatural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of CanadaMinistry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and TechnologyJohn Templeton FoundationEuropean Southern ObservatoryChina Scholarship CouncilJoint Institute for Computational Fundamental ScienceSmithsonian InstitutionInternational Max Planck Research School for Environmental, Cellular and Molecular MicrobiologyNational Astronomical Observatory of JapanSpace Telescope Science InstituteAssociated UniversitiesUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoKorea Astronomy and Space Science InstituteScience and Technology Facilities CouncilUniversiteit LeidenNational Center for Theoretical SciencesVetenskapsrådetU.S. Department of EnergyHarvard UniversityCalifornia Institute of TechnologyNational Institutes of Natural SciencesGovernment of CanadaGordon and Betty Moore FoundationCERNDirección General de Asuntos del Personal Académico, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMinisterio de Ciencia e InnovaciónNational Aeronautics and Space AdministrationFlatiron Health
KeywordsPhysicsInterferometryBaseline (sea)AstronomyAstrophysics
Abstract
Abstract The first very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) detections at 870 μ m wavelength (345 GHz frequency) are reported, achieving the highest diffraction-limited angular resolution yet obtained from the surface of the Earth and the highest-frequency example of the VLBI technique to date. These include strong detections for multiple sources observed on intercontinental baselines between telescopes in Chile, Hawaii, and Spain, obtained during observations in 2018 October. The longest-baseline detections approach 11 G λ , corresponding to an angular resolution, or fringe spacing, of 19 μ as. The Allan deviation of the visibility phase at 870 μ m is comparable to that at 1.3 mm on the relevant integration timescales between 2 and 100 s. The detections confirm that the sensitivity and signal chain stability of stations in the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) array are suitable for VLBI observations at 870 μ m. Operation at this short wavelength, combined with anticipated enhancements of the EHT, will lead to a unique high angular resolution instrument for black hole studies, capable of resolving the event horizons of supermassive black holes in both space and time.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesInsufficient payload (model declined to judge)
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Observational · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.298
Threshold uncertainty score0.999
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
Opus teacher head0.012
GPT teacher head0.232
Teacher spread0.220 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation status
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
Study designObservational
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".
Quick stats
Citations21
Published2024
Admission routes2
Has abstractyes