Impacts of Cross-Border Electricity Trade on Local Livelihoods in Nong Khai, Thailand
Bibliographic record
Abstract
While Thailand's cross-border trade of electricity with Laos has positive impacts on the national economy, its local livelihood effects remain uncertain.This study evaluates livelihood impacts of electricity consumption in the border trade area of Nong Khai, Thailand by conducting a survey with 339 local households and key informant interviews with six local leaders and residents based on the sustainable livelihood framework.The data were analyzed mainly using descriptives and inferential statistics with some insights from content analysis.The results revealed moderate levels of livelihood outcomes.The lowest impact area was the creation of job opportunities, while the highest impact area was well-being and individual capabilities.Households' participation in border electricity trade policies was at low level.Multiple regression analysis indicated that perceived benefits of border electricity trade, participation in policy processes, and community-level fixed effect contributed to livelihood outcomes, while income, expenditure, energy expenditure, and policy awareness did not have significant effects.While the direct impacts on job opportunities and poverty reduction were limited, perceived benefits had a positive influence on well-being, adaptation, and collaborative natural resource sustenance.The findings suggest a need to increase local participation in border electricity trade policy.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".