Morphological changes in the fetal kidney induced by exposure to fluoride during pregnancy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
To determine if fluoride’s established negative impact on adult kidney health begins during gestation, an intergenerational model of Wistar rats was exposed to two doses of fluoride (2.5 or 5.0 mg/kg/day via gavage) 20 days before mating and during gestation (20 days). The results revealed that fluoride was distributed to the amniotic fluid and fetus, resulting in lower weight, more pronounced fetal restriction, and decreased creatinine, osmolarity, and amniotic fluid volume. At the kidney level, less development in the nephrogenic and cortical zones was observed in the fluoride treatment groups, with an imbalance in the number of glomeruli and "S" shaped bodies, an increase in the immunoexpression of the marker of proliferation Ki-67 in the nephrogenic zone, an increase in the expression of Wnt4 and more maturation of the renal tubules, indicating that fluoride exposure during pregnancy alters kidney development and promotes early maturation of tubular segments. • Fluoride (F - ) is distributed to the amniotic fluid and the fetus. • Exposure to F - causes low weight and fetal restriction on day 20 of gestation. • F- decreases amniotic fluid's creatinine concentration, osmolarity, and volume. • F - alters kidney development through oligonephronia. • Exposure to F - promotes early tubular maturation in remaining nephrons.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".