Electrochemical Hydrogenation of a Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carrier Using a Pd Membrane Reactor
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Liquid organic hydrogen carriers (LOHCs) store hydrogen in the chemical bonds of organic molecules. Unsaturated molecules, like toluene, can store hydrogen at densities comparable to compressed gas, but have the distinct advantage of being transportable as liquids under ambient conditions. Thermochemical hydrogenation using H 2(g) requires high temperatures and pressures, whereas electrochemical hydrogenation can proceed at ambient conditions and without H 2(g) . However, the electrochemical hydrogenation of toluene is limited by the low solubility of toluene (<6 mM) in water. Here, we demonstrate the hydrogenation of neat liquid toluene electrochemically by using a palladium membrane reactor. We show that this reactor prevents toluene permeation to the anode chamber, which is a persistent issue for other forms of electrochemical hydrogenation. This paper outlines how the membrane reactor also overcomes many other issues associated with electrochemical hydrogenation, thereby enabling the hydrogenation of LOHCs without H 2(g) .
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it