Electrochemical Hydrogenation of a Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carrier Using a Pd Membrane Reactor
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Liquid organic hydrogen carriers (LOHCs) store hydrogen in the chemical bonds of organic molecules. Unsaturated molecules, like toluene, can store hydrogen at densities comparable to compressed gas, but have the distinct advantage of being transportable as liquids under ambient conditions. Thermochemical hydrogenation using H 2(g) requires high temperatures and pressures, whereas electrochemical hydrogenation can proceed at ambient conditions and without H 2(g) . However, the electrochemical hydrogenation of toluene is limited by the low solubility of toluene (<6 mM) in water. Here, we demonstrate the hydrogenation of neat liquid toluene electrochemically by using a palladium membrane reactor. We show that this reactor prevents toluene permeation to the anode chamber, which is a persistent issue for other forms of electrochemical hydrogenation. This paper outlines how the membrane reactor also overcomes many other issues associated with electrochemical hydrogenation, thereby enabling the hydrogenation of LOHCs without H 2(g) .
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".