Intestinal Absorption and Transformation of the Increased Dose of Paracetamol in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Luminal disappearance of the paracetamol and the appearance of its metabolites (paracetamol-β-D-glucuronide (PG), paracetamol sulfate (PS), paracetamol cysteine (PC) and paracetamol mercapturate (PM)) were investigated in control and in experimental diabetic rats of the perfused paracetamol substrate. Methods: Experimental diabetes was induced by the administration of streptozotocin (STZ) (65 mg/kg, intravenous (IV)). The paracetamol solution was luminally perfused through the small intestine of anesthetized rats, and the parent compound and its metabolites were determined from the perfusion solution with an isocratic reverse phased high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method. Results: The excreted amount of paracetamol metabolites increased after the STZ pretreatment, and the concentration of the glutathione (GSH) in the small intestine tissue homogenate showed a decreasing tendency, although the perfused paracetamol does not accelerate the observed changing tendency. The oxidative stress caused by the STZ contributed to the formation of the oxidized glutathione (GSSG), and its level was elevated by the effect of the paracetamol administration. The paracetamol administration alone did not provoke the detectable appearance of the GSSG. Conclusions: The elevated paracetamol concentration and the experimental diabetes negatively influenced the absorption of the paracetamol. The protective GSH level showed a decreasing tendency, while the level of the oxidative stress indicator GSSG was higher. J Endocrinol Metab. 2024;14(4):174-183 doi: https://doi.org/10.14740/jem1001
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".