Manipulation of Macrophages: Emerging Mechanisms of Leishmaniasis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
As professional phagocytes, macrophages represent the first line of defence against invading microbial pathogens. Various cellular processes such as programmed cell death, autophagy and RNA interference (RNAi) of macrophages are involved directly in elimination or assist in elimination of invading pathogens. However, parasites, such as Leishmania, have evolved diverse strategies to interfere with macrophage cell functions, favouring their survival, growth and replication inside hostile and restrictive environments of macrophages. Therefore, identification and detailed characterization of macrophage-pathogen interactions is the key to understanding how pathogens subvert macrophage functions to support their infection and disease process. In recent years, great progress has been achieved in understanding how Leishmania affects with critical host macrophage functions. Based on latest progress and accumulating knowledge, this review exclusively focuses on macrophage-Leishmania interaction, providing an overview of macrophage cellular processes such as programmed cell death, autophagy and RNAi during Leishmania infection. Despite extensive progress, many questions remain and require further investigation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".