Bibliographic record
Abstract
The events in March of 2011 in Japan have provided us with an example of what can happen when large LPGspheres are exposed to severe fire engulfment. This paper presents an approximate failure analysis of asphere exposed to a severe fire engulfment scenario. It estimates the expected failure time of the spherebased on predicted wall temperatures and internal pressure buildup. The prediction of the pressurization rateis based on a two-zone, thermally stratified liquid model. It shows that the pressurization rate depends stronglyon the initial fill level. At high fill levels, the sphere can pressurize much faster then would be expected if theliquid were well mixed and isothermal. This rapid pressurization can lead to early failure.The analysis considered two fire heat flux conditions and shows how prediction of failure time can be affectedby high temperature stress rupture. The analysis also considers various initial fill conditions to predict BLEVEhazards at failure. The results are in reasonable agreement with limited observations and data from the March2011 incident in Japan.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.013 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".