Examining Links Between Motivations for Social Withdrawal, Time Spent Alone, and Indices of Internalizing Problems in Childhood and Early Adolescence
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study investigated links between motivations for social withdrawal, time spent alone, and indices of internalizing difficulties. Participants were 169 ( n = 96 girls) children and early adolescents aged 8–14 years ( M age = 10.82, SD = 1.78). Children completed self-report measures of motivations for social withdrawal (shyness, unsociability), time spent alone, and indices of internalizing difficulties (social anxiety, depression, loneliness), whereas parents provided a broader rating of children’s internalizing symptoms. Among the results, at higher levels of shyness, time spent alone was positively related to social anxiety, but this association was attenuated at lower levels of shyness. Higher levels of unsociability weakened the positive association between time spent alone and loneliness. Time alone was more strongly related to depression for early adolescents. These findings highlight the differential implications of solitude for shy children and early adolescents, who might experience more discomfort and anxiety compared to their more unsociable counterparts.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".