<i>Centaurea stoebe</i>subsp.<i>micranthos</i>(Gugler) Hayek, Spotted Knapweed / Centaurée maculée and<i>Centaurea diffusa</i>Lamarck, Diffuse Knapweed / Centaurée diffuse (Asteraceae)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Centaurea stoebe subsp. micranthos (spotted knapweed) and Centaurea diffusa (diffuse knapweed) have been the target of a biological control programme in Canada since the 1970s. Although the two species have some important biological differences, both are well adapted to ecosystems that experience frequent disturbance, including roadsides and overgrazed pastures and rangelands. Since the 1970s, 13 insects have been released for biological control of Centaurea spp. in Canada and the United States, with the first being Urophora affinis in 1971. In Canada, 10 insect species have established that feed that feed in flower and seed heads or the roots. The chapter reviews the current status of the knapweed biological control programme and recent research, including work on Bangasternus spp. and Larinus spp., competitive interactions between biological control agents and parasitoids that could impact the efficacy of released biological control agents.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.017 | 0.004 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".