<i>Pilosella</i>spp., Hawkweeds / Piloselles (Asteraceae)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The hawkweeds are a complex of species in the genus Pilosella ; there are at least 15 species established in North America. Several species are listed as noxious weeds in parts of Canada, as they pose a threat to both natural and agricultural ecosystems. Several hawkweed species have been targeted for biological control in Canada and the United States, including orange hawkweed ( Pilosella aurantiaca ), meadow hawkweed ( Pilosella caespitosa ) and whiplash hawkweed ( Pilosella flagellaris ). Thus far, two insects have been released for biological control of invasive hawkweeds in Canada: Aulacidea subterminalis (starting in 2011) and Cheilosia urbana (starting in 2017). This chapter reviews the status of the current biological control programme for hawkweeds in Canada, ongoing studies of the biology and host range of additional biological control agents, and discusses the next steps and future research needed for biological control of invasive hawkweeds.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.027 | 0.008 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".