Bibliographic record
Abstract
This chapter compares white American filmmaker Courtney Hunt’s Frozen River with two films by Mohawk artist, photographer, and filmmaker Shelley Niro that foreground the Mohawk and the Canada–U.S. border: the short film Niagara (2015) and her first feature film, Kissed by Lightning (2009) . This comparison raises issues of Indigeneity, settler colonialism, and the Canada–U.S. border in relation to gender, as well as visual sovereignty and the contrast between Fourth Cinema and mainstream filmmaking. Further, in the context of Mohawk border crossings, it engages with the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) relationship to the Canada–U.S. border and the significance of the Jay Treaty. The comparison of Hunt’s and Niro’s work demonstrates what is at stake in the representation of Indigenous peoples at the Canada–U.S. border – a settler-colonial boundary that abrogates Indigenous sovereignty – hence the importance of visual sovereignty in Mohawk filmmaking. Assertions of visual sovereignty are further highlighted when examining the two filmmakers’ contrasting representations of Mohawk women’s lives, which illustrate diverging investments in kinship and community.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.008 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.038 | 0.004 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".