Your Pipe Lining Has a New Cement—ASTM C150 Compared to ASTM C595
Bibliographic record
Abstract
An industry-wide movement among cement manufacturers has impacted requirements of many current AWWA water pipe standards, including AWWA C300, C301, C302, C303, and C205. These standards all reference the use of ASTM C150 Portland cement for use in the manufacture of concrete and mortar used in the manufacture of concrete and steel pressure pipe, but in the United States and Canada, many producers of ASTM C150 Portland cement have already shifted their production at specific plants from Portland cement to Type IL blended cement, also known as Portland-limestone cement or PLC, meeting the ASTM C595 Blended Hydraulic Cements standard. Due to an evolving cement industry, the American Concrete Pressure Pipe Association and the AWWA Steel Water Pipe Manufacturers Technical Advisory Committee have requested addendums or revisions to the aforementioned AWWA standards to recognize ASTM C595 Type IL cement and permit its use in the manufacture of concrete and steel pressure pipe. This paper provides an in-depth discussion of the industry changes, the work completed by the pipe organizations to vet and request inclusion of Type IL meeting the ASTM C595 standard, and lessons learned while making the conversion.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.007 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.006 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.064 | 0.029 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".