The CathEye: A Forward-Looking Ultrasound Catheter for Image-Guided Cardiovascular Procedures
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Catheter-based procedures suffer from a lack of visualization due to the use of 2-D X-ray to guide 3-D operations and the lack of soft tissue contrast, which leaves the surgeon blind to the morphology of the anatomy. We propose using the CathEye, a high-precision steerable catheter with an integrated 40MHz ultrasound transducer, to create wide FOV, 3-D images of the surgical workspace. The CathEye uses an expandable cable-driven parallel mechanism to provide localized control and tracking of the distal tip of the catheter relative to the anatomy. Ultrasound signals are acquired simultaneously with position data to generate a 3-D surface reconstruction. The imaging capabilities of the CathEye were evaluated by confining the device to various tortuous paths and scanning a tissue-mimicking phantom and an ex vivo lesion. The CathEye can track an interventional tool overtop the generated image, allowing for an interventional device fully integrated with image guidance.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".