Immersive virtual reality improves delayed nausea and depression during paclitaxel/carboplatin or paclitaxel/carboplatin plus bevacizumab therapy: A two-arm randomized controlled trial (Preprint)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND Symptomatic drug treatment is generally used to treat various side effects associated with paclitaxel/carboplatin (TC) or TC plus bevacizumab (TC+Bev). However, this can lead to increased adverse effects from additional drugs. Immersive virtual reality (iVR) reduces pain and anxiety. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of iVR in managing side effects associated with TC or TC+Bev therapy. METHODS This two-arm randomized controlled trial included patients with gynecologic cancer scheduled to undergo their first course of TC/TC+Bev. Patients in the intervention group received iVR for approximately 10 min/day for 7 consecutive days, starting on the first day of treatment. The primary endpoint was the severity of physical and psychiatric symptoms measured using the Japanese version of the revised Edmonton Symptom Rating System (ESAS-r-J). The secondary endpoint included the proportion of patients who used additional antiemetic medications, the complete response (CR) rate to nausea and the severity of anxiety, measured using the state-trait anxiety inventory-JYZ (STAI) Y-1. Patients in the conventional treatment group received supportive and symptomatic treatments. RESULTS The analysis included 28 and 30 patients in the intervention and conventional treatment groups, respectively. The change in ESAS-r-J scores between days 1 and 7 and nausea were significantly worse in the intervention group on day 4 only (p<0.001); however, the conventional treatment group showed significantly worse scores on days 3, 4, and 5. Depression was not significantly worse in the intervention group on any day other than on day 1; however, the conventional treatment group showed significantly worse scores on day 4. The proportion of patients who used additional antiemetic medications from days 2 to 7 was significantly lower in the intervention group than in the conventional treatment group (p=0.024). Regarding the change in STAI Y-1 on day 1 of TC or TC+Bev therapy, the mean score was significantly lower after the iVR experience than before the experience in the intervention group (from 43.8 to 34.8, p<0.001), whereas in the conventional treatment group, no significant difference was observed before and after anticancer drug administration (from 44.9 to 43.9, p=0.536). CONCLUSIONS iVR may reduce deterioration of nausea and depression more effectively in patients with gynecologic cancer undergoing TC or TC+Bev therapy than in those undergoing conventional treatment, especially in delaying the onset of nausea and accelerating recovery. CLINICALTRIAL This study was registered in the UMIN Clinical Trials Registry (UMIN000041067).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.009 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".