The Perils of Justice: The Experiences of Black Immigrants and Other Racialized Families in Contact with the Justice System in Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This scoping review explores and digests the experiences of Black immigrants and other racialized families in contact with the criminal justice system in Canada. Canada has a rich history of racial injustice, colonization, and exploitation of Black immigrants and other racialized families in contact with the justice system. Black people, for instance, experience significant disparities in several social and economic indicators, including education, employment, health, and housing (Saad, 2017). A growing concern is how this legacy of colonialism continues to play out within the criminal justice system, such as in Canada (David & Mitchell, 2021). Canada is also a country built on immigration; as such, people from all over the world have come to Canada in search of a better life as refugees or immigrants seeking to escape persecution or violence in their home countries. The Black immigrant and other racialized families' experience in Canada has been largely under-researched and under-theorized. This scoping review study seeks to address this gap by examining the experiences of racialized families in contact with the justice system in Canada.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.014 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.008 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.014 | 0.007 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.008 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".