The Effect of Board Gender Diversity on Environmental Performance During COVID: The Moderating Effects of National Culture
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The issue of Board Gender Diversity (BGD) and its impact on firm outcomes have been widely researched. However, past research primarily focused on financial results during a stable economic environment. In addition, when examining international firms, the impact of national culture received little emphasis when determining the presence of female directors on the board. This study elaborates on BGD by examining the moderating effects of cultural dimensions (indulgence, long-term orientation, and power distance) and its impact on environmental performance during the COVID-19 pandemic. The empirical analysis is conducted using 278 pharmaceutical firms from 29 countries. Examining firms' environmental performance pre and during, our results reveal that BGD positively impacts firms' environmental performance during the pandemic. In addition, the cultural trait of indulgence positively moderates, while power distance negatively moderates the impact of BGD on environmental performance during the pandemic. However, long-term orientation does not moderate this relationship.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".