Real-Time Cyber-Physical Digital Twin for Low Earth Orbit Satellite Constellation Network Enhanced Wide-Area Power Grid
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite networks, such as SpaceX's Starlink, offer enhanced communication potential for contemporary power grid measurement and control. Yet, the dynamic nature of these networks complicates their modeling and simulation. This study introduces a modular, data-oriented digital twin framework for real-time simulation of wide-area ac–dc grids with LEO satellite networks. The framework integrates RustSat for satellite tracking, SatSDN with MiniNet for SDN simulations, and entity-component-system (ECS)-Grid for real-time power system simulation. It features a data-centric design using an ECS framework with a structure-of-arrays memory layout, optimizing cache efficiency and computational performance, and offers high extensibility for interdisciplinary simulations. This marks the initial effort to develop a digital twin for real-time co-simulation of large-scale power systems and LEO satellite constellation networks. Evaluations on a wide-area synthetic ac–dc system with multiple satellite network types confirm the efficiency and precision of our approach, underscoring its potential in bridging LEO satellite networks with power system applications.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".