Pediatric Functional Constipation: A New Challenge
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Functional constipation is a common gastrointestinal disorder worldwide in children, adolescents, and adults. Functional constipation is persistent, difficult, and infrequent hard stooling with incomplete rectal emptying that does not have an identifiable cause, such as underlying illness, anatomical abnormality, or medication, and is a diagnosis of exclusion that causes psychological and physical symptoms in the individual. For early identification of functional constipation in children, a physician must exclude organic causes in children by history, physical examination, and lab studies. Multiple complex pathophysiological mechanisms have been linked to childhood constipation, in which stool‐withholding behavior is the most common factor. Toilet training along with osmotic laxative use is currently the common therapy for childhood constipation. Despite being a common condition and with novel therapies such as prosecretory agents, neuromodulation, and transanal irrigation modalities, it is challenging sometimes to manage constipation in children. This is due to a lack of knowledge among parents and children about the nature of constipation which causes poor adherence to the treatment and ultimately worsen the condition. The complaint of constipation in a child should not be ignored as early evaluation and treatment is beneficial for the child’s physical and psychological growth. More research is needed to prevent functional constipation in children. This review article highlights the factors responsible for pediatric functional constipation, its management, novel therapies, and challenges to managing this condition.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.004 | 0.010 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".