Criminal liability for state treason: domestic and foreign experience
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The article examines the issue of criminal liability for state treason based on the domestic and foreign experience of certain countries. The conducted research allows us to conclude that the problem of state treason remains relevant in a number of foreign countries as well. However, for Ukraine, since the beginning of its modern formation as an independent state, amidst the ongoing war by the Russian Federation against Ukraine, and especially in the conditions of its full-scale invasion of Ukraine, the issue of state treason and the establishment of proper criminal responsibility for committing such a crime has become extremely acute. Consideration of the issue of normative-legal regulation of criminal liability for state treason in Ukraine and certain foreign countries, such as the United States of America, the Federal Republic of Germany, the United Kingdom, Canada, Denmark, France, Sweden, Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia, Belgium, Spain, and Georgia, allows for further exploration of the effective counteraction to this crime. Attention is drawn to the fact that in the criminal legislation of some countries, unlike Ukraine, there are No. special grounds for exemption from criminal liability for state treason. In these cases, the legislator is either strict towards individuals who commit the respective crime or there is a possibility that exempting individuals from criminal responsibility may create a sense of impunity. In order to avoid problematic issues in the application of Article 111 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine in practice and taking into account the existing real threats to the sovereignty, territorial integrity, inviolability, defense capability, state, economic, or information security of Ukraine, it is proposed to consider the possibility of expanding the objective side of state treason at the legislative level, namely the list of forms in which it can manifest and the list of subjects of state treason.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it