The Mtkvari River’s Many Faces: Symbolism, Space and Agency in Late Imperial Tiflis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Mtkvari (Kura) river framed urban life in Tiflis (contemporary Tbilisi) under tsarist rule in the nineteenth-early twentieth centuries. This paper examines how the river acted as a symbol of an evolving Georgian and played critical roles in local society and culture. Flowing through the middle of Tiflis, the Mktvari, its banks, and the infrastructure built to accommodate it, affected all city residents. They drank its water, used it for local food supplies and entertainment, and dealt with its strong currents and frequent floods. The river acted as an agent in its own right alongside human efforts to control and transform it. Unlike elsewhere in the tsarist and European empires, efforts to modernize riverine life in Tiflis stalled. The reclamation of the Mtkvari’s legacy takes a step to recognize urban (in)equality and the multiethnic nature of late imperial Tiflis, where the roots of Soviet and independence-era projects were envisioned if not enacted. Les multiples visages du fleuve Mtkvari : symbolisme, espace et agentivité dans le Tiflis de l’époque impériale tardive Le fleuve Mtkvari (Koura) encadrait la vie urbaine de Tiflis (actuelle Tbilissi) au dix-neuvième siècle et au début du vingtième siècle, sous le règne des tsars. Cet article examine comment le fleuve a agi en tant que symbole d’une nation géorgienne en pleine évolution et les rôles importants qu’il a joués dans la société et la culture locales. Coulant au milieu de Tiflis, le Mtkvari, ses rives et les infrastructures construites autour de lui ont affecté tous les résidents de la ville, quoique de manière inégale. Ils ont bu son eau, l’ont utilisée pour la nourriture locale et pour les loisirs, ils ont dû faire face à ses courants forts et à ses crues fréquentes. Le fleuve a agi comme un agent à part entière en parallèle des efforts humains pour le contrôler et le transformer. Au contraire de ce qui pouvait se voir autre part dans l’empire tsariste ou les empires européens, les efforts de modernisation de la vie riveraine ont stagné à Tiflis. La réappropriation de l’héritage du Mtkvari est une étape dans la reconnaissance de l’inégalité urbaine et de la nature multi-ethnique de la Tiflis de l’époque impériale tardive, où les racines des projets soviétiques et des projets de l’ère de l’indépendance ont été envisagées, sinon mises en œuvre.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".