A technique for continuous crystallization of high‐quality ammonium polyvanadate: Crystallization mechanism and simulation of deflector tube baffle crystallizer
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract This study introduces a novel technology for continuous vanadium precipitation, aiming to resolve issues such as poor stack density, small particle size, and irregular morphology of ammonium polyvanadate in traditional intermittent processes. In this research, we optimized the process parameters for continuous vanadium precipitation and investigated the mechanism of continuous ammonium polyvanadate crystallization using the focused beam reflectometer measurement. Results showed that small, flaky ammonium polyvanadate particles initially formed between 0 and 12 min. These particles subsequently interlayered and aggregated, resulting in larger particles from 13 to 23 min. By 24 to 60 min, a dynamic equilibrium was reached in crystal growth, aggregation, de‐embedding, and fragmentation. Kinetic analyses demonstrated that increasing the reaction temperature shifted crystal growth from surface reaction control to diffusion control. At higher temperatures, explosive nucleation of ammonium polyvanadate, crystal fragmentation, and dissolution occurred. By integrating the crystallization mechanism, we produced dense ellipsoidal ammonium polyvanadate particles with a stacking density of 0.772 g/cm 3 and an average size of 107.04 μm under optimal conditions, achieving a vanadium precipitation rate exceeding 99.0%. Simulation results confirmed that the deflector tube baffle crystallizer enabled continuous crystallization of ammonium polyvanadate, ensuring an average residence time of over 10 min for particles of 50 and 100 μm, facilitating their growth to at least 100 μm. This research provides data and theoretical support for the industrial application of continuous vanadium precipitation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".