A Compact Dual-Band Implantable MIMO Antenna for Wireless Capsule Endoscopy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article introduces a compact dual-element multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) implantable antenna for high-data-rate wireless capsule endoscopy (WCE) applications. The proposed antenna works at 915 and 2450 MHz with the respective fractional bandwidths (FBWs) of 23.6% and 12.14%. The two-port MIMO system consists of two triangular-shaped radiators arranged face-to-face, forming a square configuration. The edge-to-edge distance between the radiators is 0.3 mm, indicating that the radiating elements are placed extremely close to each other. Three semicircular slots, three edge slots in the patch, a conducting via in each patch, and a high permittivity substrate are utilized to reduce the antenna’s volume ($9.8\times 9.8\times 0.3=28.81$mm3). To minimize electromagnetic (EM) coupling between both patches, a diagonal slot measuring$12.5\times 0.3$mm2 is etched in the ground plane, and a 6.5-nH inductor is added between the radiating patches. As a result, the mutual coupling values of −35.85 and −31.6 dB are observed at 915 and 2450 MHz, respectively. The effectiveness of the MIMO system is validated through the analysis of specific absorption rate (SAR) and link budget performance, both showing satisfactory results. With an input power of 1 W, the maximum SAR is 41.2 W/kg for 915 MHz and 43.2 W/kg for 2450 MHz. Channel parameters for the$2\times 2$MIMO configuration are calculated and validated, showing a channel capacity of 9.1 bps/Hz at SNR =20 dB. A prototype is developed and tested in the minced pork to validate simulations. Based on the results and performance, the proposed MIMO antenna system demonstrates high potential for high-data-rate capsule endoscopes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".