Size of lipid emulsion droplets influences metabolism in human CD4+ T cells
Bibliographic record
Abstract
SCOPE: T cells, focusing on their impact on cellular metabolism. METHODS AND RESULTS: T cells was investigated using different endocytic blockers, then quantified by flow cytometry, and visualized by confocal microscopy. To investigate emulsion intracellular fate, fatty acids in membrane phospholipids were quantified by GC-MS/MS and cellular metabolism was assessed by Seahorse technology. Results show T cells internalize both conventional and nano-sized emulsions using macropinocytosis. Fatty acids from emulsions are stored as neutral lipids in intracellular vesicles and are incorporated into phospholipids of cellular membranes. However, only nanoemulsions additionally use clathrin-mediated endocytosis and deliver fatty acids to mitochondria for increased β-oxidation. CONCLUSIONS: T cells. Our results highlight the potential for improved nutrient utilization with nanoemulsions in TPN formulations possibly leading to less adverse effects.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".