The Constitutional Traditions Common to the Member States: Identification and Concretisation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Emperor of the French in 1852.36 In the comparative chapter of his book, 37 Gneist understands the development of administrative law in Germany as a corollary of the formation of administrative organs to which quasi-judicial functions were attributed on the basis that judge-made law and judicial control of the executive, as they existed in England, were lacking in Germany.According to Gneist, the role of the courts also explains why the separation of public from private law did not take place in England.38 With the benefit of hindsight, this explanation, which was shared by other continental authors 39 is not fully convincing.The separation of private law from public law and the development of a modern administrative law in Germany gained their most pronounced dogmatic development after the creation of independent administrative courts in the 1860s and 1870s.Gneist deepened his research on England in further books, among them extended studies on English administrative law, 40 local self-government in England 41 and English constitutional history.42 Younger legal scholars too showed a lively interest in the English constitutional and administrative law.An author who paid special attention to England was Julius Karl Hatschek (1872-1926).43 In his State law of England, published in 1905/06, he dedic-36 Gneist (n.34), V. 37 Gneist (n.34), 678-721.38 Gneist (n.34), 687.39 Cf., e.g., Edouard Lafferière, Traité de la juridiction administrative et de recours contentieux, Tome premier, 2nd edn (Berger-Levrault 1896), 96 ff.; Julius Hatschek, Englisches Staatsrecht mit Berücksichtigung der für Schottland und Irland geltenden Sonderheiten, vol.II: Die Verwaltung (Mohr 1906), 658 ff.40 Rudolf Gneist, Das englische Verwaltungsrecht mit Einschluss des Heeres, der Gerichte und der Kirche geschichtlich und systematisch, 2 vols (Springer 1886); Gneist, Das Englische Verwaltungsrecht der Gegenwart in Vergleichung mit den Deutschen Verwaltungssystemen, 2 vols (Springer 1883/84); the two works are fundamentally modified and extended editions of Gneist, Englisches Verfassungs-und Verwaltungsrecht (1857).41 Rudolf Gneist, Verwaltung, Justiz, Rechtsweg.Staatsverwaltung und Selbstverwaltung nach englischen und deutschen Verhältnissen mit besonderer Rücksicht auf Verwaltungsreformen und Kreisordnungen in Preußen (Springer, 1869); Gneist, Die heutige englische Communalverfassung und Communalverwaltung oder das System des Selfgovernment in seiner heutigen Gestalt (Springer 1860); Gneist, Selfgovernment: Communalverfassung und Verwaltungsgerichte in England (Springer 1871).42 Rudolf Gneist, Englische Verfassungsgeschichte (Springer 1882).43 In addition to his books on English constitutional and administrative law, his study on the English constitutional history and his comparison between the British and the Roman Empire have to be particularly mentioned, see Julius Hatschek, Englische Verfassungsgeschichte (Oldenbourg 1913); Hatschek, Britisches und römisches Weltreich: Eine sozialwissenschaftliche Parallele (Oldenbourg 1921).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.006 | 0.014 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.018 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.008 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".