Analyzing the Impact of Ground Resistance on Distance Relay Performance with Mho Characteristics
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Ground resistance (Rg) plays an important role in designing, operating, and maintaining transmission lines (TLs). This paper investigates the impact of ground resistance along the TL route on the performance of a distance relay with Mho characteristics. The performance of the distance relay has been investigated for various types of faults and a wide range of Rg changes. The effect of soil resistivity on impedance trajectory in single-line-to-ground faults in boundary point faults is investigated. The results show that Rg can lead to alterations in the line’s electrical characteristics, affecting signal transmission, power losses, and overall system efficiency that is not considered in distance relay settings. A simple 2-bus network is used in PSCAD/EMTDC software to simulate and implement distance relay settings. Also, MATLAB software has been used to calculate phase sequence impedances due to Rg changes. The simulations performed in the 2-bus test system show a significant effect of Rg on the performance of the distance relay.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".