A Stretchable Extrusion Printed Piezoresistive Strain Sensor for Respiration Monitoring
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We introduce a wearable respiration monitor system manufactured utilizing direct write extrusion printing techniques. The proposed system features a flexible, stretchable strain sensor, constructed from piezoresistive carbon ink printed on a thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) substrate. Integrated upon a lightweight nylon band, the sensor is positioned around the patient’s torso to detect respiratory movements. As the patient breathes, the band stretches, causing the sensor to experience lateral elongation. This deformation alters the sensor’s resistance, a change that is quantitatively measured by an adjoining resistive divider circuit. Key advantages of this respiration monitor compared to knitted e-textile implementations include its low-cost production, ease and rapidity of manufacture, and the use of comfortable, breathable, and unobtrusive materials. Furthermore, the system demonstrates excellent sensitivity with a gauge factor of 22.5, making it an ideal solution for continuous respiratory monitoring in various healthcare settings.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".