Development of a New Laboratory Earthquake Setup Featuring a Paraffin oil-based Gel as Analogue Material
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this study, we present the development of a new experimental setup composed of an analogue fault surrounded by paraffin oil-based gel, which allows us to simulate earthquake-like events in the laboratory.The apparatus is designed to test the possibility of mitigating earthquake-like instabilities using control theory.We present the physical properties of the paraffin oil-based gel as functions of strain rate, strain, and temperature.Our results show a linear relation between the stress and strain up to 30% shear strain, along with a low viscosity at high strain rate.Furthermore, we engineered the frictional properties of the analogue fault using 3D-printed patches placed along its surface.Finally, an experimental earthquake simulation, using the setup, demonstrates a sudden slip event within the gel, propagating at a speed between 𝑐𝑐 𝑠𝑠 and √2 𝑐𝑐 𝑠𝑠 , where 𝑐𝑐 𝑠𝑠 represents the shear wave velocity of the gel, which is consistent with theoretical and previous experimental results.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".