Development and Experimental Validation of a Timber Beam-to-Steel Column Connection with Replaceable U-Shaped Fuses
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper proposes an innovative hybrid timber beam-to-steel column connection for seismic design of multistory buildings. This innovative connection consists of a set of two U-shaped steel fuses connecting a glulam beam to a steel column. U-shaped fuses are designed to dissipate seismic-induced energy and can be replaced after a moderate or potentially strong seismic event. Eight full-scale experiments were conducted, involving four glulam beam specimens with varying thicknesses and eight pairs of fuses with two U-shaped plate configurations (open-fuse and closed-fuse). The key connection performance metrics, including the flexural stiffness and strength, hysteresis response, ductility, and energy dissipation capacity, were investigated using the test results. A set of mechanics-based equations is proposed to estimate flexural stiffness and strength of the connection. The results of the experimental program confirmed that the proposed hybrid connection exhibits a stable hysteresis response without noticeable strength degradation and possesses excellent ductility and energy dissipation capacities. Furthermore, the proposed mechanics-based equations can predict the moment capacity of the connection with sufficient accuracy.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".