Ethnic variation in stated recycling attitudes and behaviors among households in Ontario, Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In a review of 12 ethnic groups in three urban communities in the Greater Toronto Area, this study found that there is significant behavioral heterogeneity with respect to why people recycle, motivators for recycling, and general attitudes towards the environment and stewardship. White Canadians reported having the most positive attitudes towards recycling and awareness of recycling consequences, while ethnic minorities did not readily equate recycling with particular environmental outcomes (i.e. recycling helps mitigate climate change). A particularly salient finding is that there is a marked difference in reported behavior and attitudes between first and second (and third etc.) generation immigrants across all cultural groups. 2nd and 3rd generation Ontarians have much more homogenous behavioral drivers that inform recycling participation relative to those born outside the country. 2nd and 3rd generation Canadians were more likely to report recycling for altruistic and habitual reasons. However, first generation immigrants often reported having significantly different drivers of behavior.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".