505 Utilizing porcine hepatocyte cultures to test the effect of short chain fatty acids on androstenone metabolism
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Boar taint is an off-putting odor found in the meat of entire male pigs due to the accumulation of androstenone and skatole in the fat. Development of boar taint is dependent on the balance between the rate of synthesis and metabolism of these compounds. Prior studies have shown that feed ingredients high in fermentable carbohydrates, including chicory root, sugar beet pulp, and Jerusalem artichoke decreased the synthesis of skatole in the hindgut and altered the metabolism in the liver, resulting in a skatole concentrations comparable with castrated males. However, the mechanism of how these dietary fermentable carbohydrates affect liver metabolism is not well understood. Metabolism of boar taint compounds takes place in a two-phase process, regulated by various enzymes and cytochrome families. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are produced from the microbial fermentation of fiber and have been shown to have regulatory effects on histone deacetylases and gene expression in humans, providing a potential mechanism in which feed high in dietary fiber reduces boar taint. The purpose of this study was to assess if SCFA directly affect the metabolism of androstenone in liver hepatocytes. Primary hepatocytes were isolated from the liver of 6 [(Yorkshire x Landrace) x Duroc] boars weighing around 90 kg. Cells were treated in triplicate with acetate, butyrate, propionate, and various combinations for 24 h to alter gene expression. Two sets of wells acted as a control, not being treated with SCFAs. The cells were then incubated with androstenone for 3 h, and media was extracted, and metabolite production was analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography. The effects of treatments were using a one-way ANOVA with a Dunnet’s adjustment for multiple comparisons to a control. Results showed the combined acetate, butyrate, and propionate treatment had the greatest effect on androstenone glucuronide production when compared with the control, resulting in significant increases (P < 0.05) ranging from 82 ± 1.6% to 1 ± 2.4% in individual boars. Other treatments had a similar effect, significantly increasing the production of androstenone glucuronide but to a lesser degree. Butyrate increased production ranging from 40 ± 2.2% to 5±1.5% (P < 0.05), propionate from 38 ± 3.6% to 3 ± 2.6% (P < 0.05), acetate and butyrate from 61±3.9% to 1 ± 2.8% (P < 0.05), acetate and propionate from 70±3.5% to 5±1.7% (P < 0.05), and butyrate and propionate from 82 ± 2.5% to 4 ± 1.1% (P < 0.05) when compared with the control. In conclusion, this trial provided evidence that SCFAs produced by the microbial fermentation of fiber can significantly increase hepatic androstenone metabolism in some animals, with a wide range in these effects among individual boars. Future research will involve assessing the effects of SCFAs on hepatic skatole metabolism.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".