Changes in Energy Dynamics in Arsenic Exposure based Neurotoxicity: A Comprehensive Review
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: ), which results in different toxicities within the human body and in developing fetus. AIM: The present study emphasizes evaluating the presence of oxidative stress and excessive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) resulting in mitochondrial dysfunction and caspase activation followed by apoptosis due to arsenic-induced neurotoxicity along with epigenetic modifications at different molecular targets. METHODS: Published articles available on PubMed and Scopus were studied and summarized. RESULTS: The precise mechanism causing arsenic-induced neurotoxicity at a critical stage of brain development is still unknown, while increased oxidative stress led to mitochondrial dysfunctions which are known to play a prominent role in this. AMPK acts as a metabolic checkpoint and restores ATP levels through a different anabolic pathway in energy starvation. At the same time, arsenic-induced AMPK activation leads to autophagy and neuronal cell death. CONCLUSION: This review summarized the molecular mechanisms involved in arsenic-induced neurotoxicity, which can help to develop suitable future ameliorative and therapeutic strategies.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".