Studies on the synergistic effect between corn straw and Canadian oil sands bitumen during the co-pyrolysis process
Bibliographic record
Abstract
To investigate the potential synergistic effect, the co-pyrolysis of corn straw (CS) and Canadian oil sands bitumen (CA-OB) was carried out in this work. Thermogravimetric and differential thermogravimetric curves of CA-OB, CS and their blends were recorded using a thermogravimetric analyser. The main co-pyrolysis regions of the CS/CA-OB blends partially overlapped with the individual pyrolysis curves of CS and CA-OB, and the apparent weight loss was detected between 250 °C and 500 °C. The comparison of the experimental curves with the calculated data indicated that the synergistic effect was present in the main reaction region of co-pyrolysis and was enhanced with increasing CS content. The effects of the interactions between CA-OB and CS on the distributions and yields of the pyrolyzed products were studied in a high-pressure autoclave. It can be concluded that the co-pyrolysis process promoted an increase in the coke yield, while the oil and gas yields decreased. The proportion of aromatics in the pyrolyzed oil products increased as the increasing CS content suppressed the decomposition and dehydrogenation-condensation reactions. In addition, the gasification activity of co-pyrolysis cokes was enhanced.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".