Accurate Low Complexity Quadrature Angular Diversity Aperture Receiver for Visible Light Positioning
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Despite the many potential applications of an accurate indoor positioning system (IPS), no universal, readily available system exists. Much of the IPS research to date has been based on the use of radio transmitters as positioning beacons. Visible light positioning (VLP) instead uses LED lights as beacons. Either cameras or photodiodes (PDs) can be used as VLP receivers, and position estimates are usually based on either the angle of arrival (AOA) or the strength of the received signal. Research on the use of AOA with photodiode receivers has so far been limited by the lack of a suitable compact receiver. The quadrature angular diversity aperture receiver (QADA) can fill this gap. In this paper, we describe a new QADA design that uses only three readily available parts: a quadrant photodiode, a 3D-printed aperture, and a programmable system on a chip (PSoC). Extensive experimental results demonstrate that this design provides accurate AOA estimates within a room-sized test chamber. The flexibility and programmability of the PSoC mean that other sensors can be supported by the same PSoC. This has the potential to allow the AOA estimates from the QADA to be combined with information from other sensors to form future powerful sensor-fusion systems requiring only one beacon.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".