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Broadband multi-wavelength properties of M87 during the 2018 EHT campaign including a very high energy flaring episode
Juan Carlos Algaba, Mislav Baloković, S. Chandra, Whee Yeon Cheong, Yuzhu Cui, F. D’Ammando, A. Falcone, Nicole M. Ford, M. Giroletti, C. Goddi, M. A. Gurwell, Kazuhiro Hada, Daryl Haggard, A. Kaur, T. Kawashima, Stephen Kerby, Jae-Young Kim, Motoki Kino, Е. В. Кравченко, Sang-Sung Lee, Ru-Sen Lu, Sera Markoff, Joseph M. Michail, Joseph Neilsen, Michael A. Nowak, G. Principe, Venkatessh Ramakrishnan, Bart Ripperda, Mahito Sasada, С. С. Савченко, Craig Sheridan, Kazunori Akiyama, A. Alberdi, W. Alef, Richard Anantua, Keiichi Asada, Rebecca Azulay, U. Bach, Anne-Kathrin Baczko, D. B., Michi Bauböck, B. A. Benson, Dan Bintley, Lindy Blackburn, R. Blundell, Katherine L. Bouman, Geoffrey C. Bower, Hope Boyce, M. Bremer, Roger Brissenden, S. Britzen, Avery E. Broderick, Dominique Broguière, Thomas Bronzwaer, Sandra Bustamante, J. E. Carlstrom, Andrew Chael, Chi‐kwan Chan, Dominic O. Chang, Koushik Chatterjee, Ming‐Tang Chen, Xiaopeng Cheng, Ilje Cho, Pierre Christian, Nicholas S. Conroy, J. E. Conway, T. M. Crawford, G. B. Crew, Alejandro Cruz-Osorio, Rohan Dahale, Jordy Davelaar, Roger Deane, Jessica Dempsey, G. Desvignes, Jason Dexter, Vedant Dhruv, Indu K. Dihingia, Sheperd S. Doeleman, Sergio A. Dzib, Ralph P. Eatough, Razieh Emami, H. Falcke, Joseph Farah, Vincent L. Fish, E. B. Fomalont, H. Alyson Ford, Marianna Foschi, Raquel Fraga-Encinas, William T. Freeman, Per Friberg, C. M. Fromm, Peter Galison, Charles F. Gammie, Olivier Gentaz, Roman Gold, Arturo I. Gómez-Ruiz, J. L. Gómez, Minfeng Gu, Ronald Hesper, Dirk Heumann, Luis C. Ho, Mareki Honma, Lei Huang, D. H. Hughes, Shiro Ikeda, C. M. Violette Impellizzeri, Makoto Inoue, Sara Issaoun, D. J. James, Buell T. Jannuzi, Michaël Janssen, Britton Jeter, Alejandra Jiménez-Rosales, M. D. Johnson, Anthony C. Jones, A. V. Joshi, Taehyun Jung, R. Karuppusamy, Garrett K. Keating, Mark Kettenis, Dong-Jin Kim, Junhan Kim, Jun Yi Koay, Prashant Kocherlakota, Yutaro Kofuji, Patrick M. Koch, C. Krämer, Joana A. Kramer, M. Kramer, T. P. Krichbaum, Cheng‐Yu Kuo, Noemi La Bella, Alessandro Levis, Rocco Lico, Greg Lindahl, M. Lindqvist, Mikhail Lisakov, M. Krämer, Elisabetta Liuzzo, Wen-Ping Lo, A. P. Lobanov, Laurent Loinard, C. J. Lonsdale, A. E. Lowitz, Nicholas R. MacDonald, J. Mao, N. Marchili, Daniel P. Marrone, A. P. Marscher, I. Martí‐Vidal, Satoki Matsushita, Lynn D. Matthews, Lia Medeiros, K. M. Menten, Ichiro Mizuno, Yosuke Mizuno, J. Montgomery, J. M. Moran, Kotaro Moriyama, Monika Mościbrodzka, Wanga Mulaudzi, C. Müller, Hendrik Müller, Alejandro Mus, Gibwa Musoke, I. Myserlis, Hiroshi Nagai, Neil M. Nagar, Dhanya G. Nair, Masanori Nakamura, Gopal Narayanan, Iniyan Natarajan, Antonios Nathanail, Santiago Navarro Fuentes, Hiroki Okino, H. Olivares, Tomoaki Oyama, Feryal Özel, Daniel C. M. Palumbo, Georgios Filippos Paraschos, Jongho Park, Harriet Parsons, Nimesh Patel, Ue‐Li Pen, Dominic W. Pesce, V. Piétu, Aleksandar PopStefanija, Oliver Porth, Ben Prather, Dimitrios Psaltis, Hung-Yi Pu, Ramprasad Rao, Mark G. Rawlings, Alexander W. Raymond, L. Rezzolla, Angelo Ricarte, Freek Roelofs, Cristina Romero-Cañizales, E. Ros, Arash Roshanineshat, Helge Rottmann, Ignacio Ruiz, C. Ruszczyk, K. L. J. Rygl, Salvador Sánchez, David Sánchez-Argüelles, M. Sánchez‐Portal, Kaushik Satapathy, T. Savolainen, F. Peter Schloerb, Jonathan Schonfeld, K. Schüster, Lijing Shao, Z. Shen, Des Small, Bong-Won Sohn, Jason Soohoo, L. Salas, Kamal Souccar, Joshua S. Stanway, Fumie Tazaki, Alexandra J. Tetarenko, Paul Tiede, R. P. J. Tilanus, Michael Titus, Kenji Toma, Pablo Torné, Teresa Toscano, Efthalia Traianou, Tyler Trent, Sascha Trippe, Matthew Turk, Ilse van Bemmel, Huib Jan van Langevelde, Daniel R. van Rossum, Jesse Vos, Jan Wagner, D. Ward–Thompson, J. F. C. Wardle, Jasmin E. Washington, Jonathan Weintroub, Robert Wharton, Maciek Wielgus, K. Wiik, Gunther Witzel, Michael F. Wondrak, George N. Wong, Qingwen Wu, Nitika Yadlapalli, Paul Yamaguchi, Aristomenis Yfantis, Doosoo Yoon, André Young, Ziri Younsi, Wei Yu, F. Yuan, J. A. Zensus, Shuo Zhang, Guang-Yao Zhao, Shan-Shan Zhao, R. Bellazzini, B. Berenji, E. Bissaldi, R. D. Blandford, R. Bonino, P. Bruel, R. A. Cameron, P. A. Caraveo, E. Cavazzuti, C. C. Cheung, Stefano Ciprini, P. Cristarella Orestano, S. Cutini, Niccolò Di Lalla, A. Dinesh, L. Di Venere, A. Domínguez, S. Fegan, A. Franckowiak, P. Fusco, F. Gargano, C. Gasbarra, S. Germani, Marco Giliberti, I. A. Grenier, E. Hays, D. Horan, M. Kuss, S. Larsson, Ioannis Liodakis, F. Longo, F. Loparco, M. N. Lovellette, S. Maldera, M. N. Mazziotta, I. Mereu, P. F. Michelson, N. Mirabal, T. Mizuno, M. E. Monzani, A. Morselli, Michela Negro, N. Omodei, E. Orlando, M. Persic, B. Rani, A. Reimer, O. Reimer, M. Sánchez-Conde, P. M. Saz Parkinson, C. Sgró, E. J. Siskind, P. Spinelli, D. J. Suson, H. Tajima, D. F. Torres, G. Zaharijas, F. Aharonian, F. Ait Benkhali, J. Aschersleben, Halim Ashkar, Michael Backes, V. Barbosa Martins, R. Batzofin, Y. Becherini, D. Berge, M. Böttcher, C. Boisson, J. Bolmont, M. Ruth Lavergne, Jowita Borowska, M. Bouyahiaoui, Federica Bradascio, Robert Brose, A. G. A. Brown, B. Bruno, T. Bulik, C. Burger-Scheidlin, S. Casanova, R. Cecil, J. Celic, M. Cerruti, T. Chand, A. Chen, James O. Chibueze, O. Chibueze, G. Cotter, J. Damascene Mbarubucyeye, J. Devin, J. I. Djuvsland, A. Dmytriiev, S. Einecke, J.-P. Ernenwein, K. Feijen, S. Funk, S. Gabici, D. Glawion, J. F. Glicenstein, P. Goswami, G. Grolleron, L. Haerer, B. A. Hess, T. L. Holch, M. Holler, D. Horns, Zhiqiu Huang, M. Jamrozy, F. Jankowsky, I. Jung-Richardt, E. Kasai, K. Katarzyński, Rukaiya Khatoon, B. Khélifi, W. Kluźniak, Nu. Komin, K. Kosack, A. Kundu, R. G. Lang, S. Le Stum, F. Leitl, A. Lemière, M. Lemoine-Goumard, J.-P. Lenain, Fabian Leuschner, Anna Luashvili, Jonathan Mackey, G. Martí-Devesa, R. Marx, M. Meyer, A. Mitchell, R. Moderski, M. O. Moghadam, L. Mohrmann, Alessandro Montanari, E. Moulin, M. de Naurois, J. Niemiec, P. O'Brien, S. Ohm, E. de Oña Wilhelmi, M. Ostrowski, Sebastian Panny, M. Panter, U. Pensec, S. Pita, G. Pühlhofer, A. Quirrenbach, S. Ravikularaman, Brian Reville, Igor Adriano de Oliveira Reis, Helena X. Ren, F. Rieger, G. Roellinghoff, B. Rudak, E. Ruiz-Velasco, Karim Sabri, V. Sahakian, H. Salzmann, A. Santangelo, M. Sasaki, J. S. Schafer, F. Schüßler, H. M. Schutte, J. N. S. Shapopi, A. Sharma, H. Sol, S. Spencer, Ł. Stawarz, C. Steppa, K. Streil, Hiroyuki Suzuki, Tadayuki Takahashi, Takaaki Tanaka, Andrew M. Taylor, R. Terrier, M. Tluczykont, M. Tsirou, C. van Eldik, M. Vecchi, T. Wach, S. J. Wagner, A. Wierzcholska, M. Zacharias, A. A. Zdziarski, A. Zech, Natalia Żywucka, S. Abe, J. Abhir, A. Abhishek, V. A. Acciari, Arnau Aguasca-Cabot, I. Agudo, T. Aniello, Stefano Ansoldi, L. A. Antonelli, A. Arbet Engels, C. Arcaro, Manuel Artero, Katsuaki Asano, A. Babić, U. Barres de Almeida, J. A. Barrio, I. Batković, A. Bautista, J. Baxter, J. Becerra González, W. Bednarek, E. Bernardini, J. Bernete, A. Berti, J. Besenrieder, C. Bigongiari, A. Biland, O. Blanch, G. Bonnoli, Ž. Bošnjak, E. Bronzini, Irene Burelli, G. Busetto, A. Campoy-Ordaz, A. Carosi, R. Carosi, M. Carretero-Castrillo, A.J. Castro-Tirado, Davide Cerasole, G. Ceribella, Yating Chai, A. Cifuentes, E. Colombo, J. L. Contreras, J. Cortina, S. Covino, Giacomo D’Amico, V. D’Elia, P. Da Vela, F. Dazzi, R. Del Burgo, B. De Lotto, Raniere de Menezes, M. Delfino, J. Delgado, C. Delgado Mendez, F. Di Pierro, R. Di Tria, D. Dominis Prester, A. Donini, D. Dorner, M. Doro, D. Elsäesser, Juan Escudero, L. Fariña, A. Fattorini, L. Foffano, L. Font, Stefan Fröse, Satoshi Fukami, R. J. Garcı́a López, M. Garczarczyk, S. Gasparyan, M. Gaug, J. G. Giesbrecht Paiva, N. Giglietto, F. Giordano, P. Gliwny, N. Godinović, T. Gradetzke, R. Grau, D. Green, Jarred Gershon Green, P. Günther, D. Hadasch, A. Hahn, T. Hassan, Lea Heckmann, J. Herrera Llorente, D. Hrupec, R. Imazawa, K. Ishio, Irene Jiménez Martínez, J. Jormanainen, T. Kayanoki, D. Kerszberg, Gert Werner Kluge, Yukiho Kobayashi, Pouya M. Kouch, H. Kubo, J. Kushida, Miguel J. A. Láinez, A. Lamastra, F. Leone, E. Lindfors, S. Lombardi, R. López-Coto, A. López-Oramas, S. Loporchio, A. Lorini, E. Lyard, B. Machado de Oliveira Fraga, P. Majumdar, M. Makariev, G. Maneva, M. Manganaro, S. Mangano, Karl Mannheim, M. Mariotti, M. Martínez, M. Martínez-Chicharro, Alvaro Mas-Aguilar, D. Mazin, Stefano Menchiari, S. Mender, Davide Miceli, T. Miener, J. M. Miranda, R. Mirzoyan, Miguel Molero Gonzalez, E. Molina, H. A. Mondal, A. Moralejo, Daniel Morcuende, T. Nakamori, C. Nanci, V. Neustroev, Lukas Nickel, M. Nievas Rosillo, C Nigro, L. Nikolić, K. Nilsson, K. Nishijima, T. Njoh Ekoume, K. Noda, S. Nozaki, Yoshiki Ohtani, A. Okumura, Jorge Otero-Santos, S. Paiano, D. Paneque, R. Paoletti, J. M. Paredes, M. Peresano, M. Pihet, G. Pirola, F. Podobnik, P. G. Prada Moroni, E. Prandini, Chaitanya Priyadarshi, M. Ribó, J. Rico, Chiara Righi, N. Sahakyan, T. Saito, F. G. Saturni, K. Schmidt, F. Schmuckermaier, J. Schubert, T. Schweizer, A. Sciaccaluga, Gabriella Silvestri, J. Sitarek, V. Sliusar, D. Sobczyńska, A. Spolon, A. Stamerra, Jelena Strišković, D. Strom, M. Strzys, Y. Suda, Sofia Suutarinen, M. Takahashi, R. Takeishi, F. Tavecchio, P. Temnikov, K. Terauchi, T. Terzić, M. Teshima, Stefano Truzzi, Antonio Tutone, S. Ubach, Juliane van Scherpenberg, M. Vazquez Acosta, S. Ventura, G. Verna, I. Viale, C. F. Vigorito, I. Vovk, R. Walter, M. Will, Carolin Wunderlich, T. Yamamoto, A. Acharyya, C. B. Adams, P. Bangale, J. T. Bartkoske, W. Benbow, J. L. Christiansen, A. Duerr, M. Errando, Q. Feng, G. M. Foote, L. Fortson, A. Furniss, W. Hanlon, O. Hervet, C. E. Hinrichs, J. Holder, T. B. Humensky, W. Jin, M. N. Johnson, P. Kaaret, M. Kertzman, D. Kieda, T. K. Kleiner, N. Korzoun, F. Krennrich, S. Kumar, M. J. Lang, M. Lundy, G. Maier, C.E. McGrath, M. J. Millard, C. L. Mooney, P. Moriarty, R. Mukherjee, Wei Ning, S. O’Brien, R. A. Ong, M. Pohl, E. Pueschel, J. Quinn, K. Ragan, P. T. Reynolds, D. Ribeiro, E. Roache, J. Ryan, I. Sadeh, L. Saha, Marcos Santander, G. H. Sembroski, R. Shang, M. Splettstoesser, A. K. Talluri, J. V. Tucci, V. V. Vassiliev, D. A. Williams, S. L. Wong, Zhong Chen, Lang Cui, Tomoya Hirota, B. Li, Guanghui Li, Qifa Liu, Xiang Liu, Z. Liu, Xinhua Ma, Kotaro Niinuma, Satoko Sawada‐Satoh, Kiyoaki Wajima, Jianping Wang, N. Wang, Bo Xia, Hao Yan, Yoshinori Yonekura, Hua Zhang, Ruiyang Zhao, W. Zhong
Bibliographic record
VenueAstronomy and Astrophysics · 2024
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldPhysics and Astronomy
TopicAstrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena
Canadian institutionsUniversity of LethbridgeCanadian Institute for Theoretical AstrophysicsCanadian Institute for Advanced ResearchRegional Municipality of WaterlooPerimeter InstituteUniversity of WaterlooTrinity CollegeMcGill University
FundersLos Alamos National LaboratoryOak Ridge National LaboratoryHigh Energy PhysicsOffice of International Science and EngineeringNational Science Fund for Distinguished Young ScholarsNational Key Research and Development Program of ChinaAgencia Estatal de InvestigaciónJapan Society for the Promotion of ScienceScience and Technology Facilities CouncilPhysics Division, National Center for Theoretical SciencesNational Nuclear Security AdministrationOffice of ScienceToray Science FoundationEast Asian Core Observatories AssociationInstitut Périmètre de physique théoriqueNational Science and Technology CouncilAgencia Nacional de Investigación y DesarrolloMinistry of Science and ICT, South KoreaIstituto Nazionale di Fisica NucleareMinistry of Education, IndiaMax-Planck-GesellschaftNational Natural Science Foundation of ChinaNational Research Foundation of KoreaMinisterio de Ciencia, Innovación y UniversidadesNuclear Safety and Security CommissionNational Science FoundationChina Postdoctoral Science FoundationDeutsche ForschungsgemeinschaftNederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk OnderzoekInstituto de Astrofísica de AndalucíaChinese Academy of SciencesFundación Bancaria Caixa d'Estalvis i Pensions de BarcelonaAcademia SinicaEuropean CommissionLeverhulme TrustNational Radio Astronomy ObservatoryFundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São PauloCanada Research ChairsHarvard UniversityNatural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of CanadaJohn Templeton FoundationEuropean Southern ObservatoryChina Scholarship CouncilMinistry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and TechnologyUniversity of PretoriaNational Research FoundationSmithsonian InstitutionInternational Max Planck Research School for Environmental, Cellular and Molecular MicrobiologyJoint Institute for Computational Fundamental ScienceGeneralitat ValencianaConsejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasNational Energy Research Scientific Computing CenterJunta de AndalucíaNational Astronomical Observatory of JapanSpace Telescope Science InstituteAssociated UniversitiesUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoKorea Astronomy and Space Science InstituteNational Center for Theoretical SciencesVetenskapsrådetU.S. Department of EnergyNational Institutes of Natural SciencesGovernment of CanadaGordon and Betty Moore FoundationNational Aeronautics and Space AdministrationDirección General de Asuntos del Personal Académico, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMinisterio de Ciencia e InnovaciónFlatiron Health
KeywordsPhysicsAstrophysicsSupermassive black holeFlareContext (archaeology)AstronomySpectral energy distributionGalactic CenterBlack hole (networking)Active galactic nucleusGalaxyRadio galaxyParticle accelerationPlasma
Abstract
Context. The nearby elliptical galaxy M87 contains one of only two supermassive black holes whose emission surrounding the event horizon has been imaged by the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT). In 2018, more than two dozen multi-wavelength (MWL) facilities (from radio to γ -ray energies) took part in the second M87 EHT campaign. Aims. The goal of this extensive MWL campaign was to better understand the physics of the accreting black hole M87*, the relationship between the inflow and inner jets, and the high-energy particle acceleration. Understanding the complex astrophysics is also a necessary first step towards performing further tests of general relativity. Methods. The MWL campaign took place in April 2018, overlapping with the EHT M87* observations. We present a new, contemporaneous spectral energy distribution (SED) ranging from radio to very high-energy (VHE) γ -rays as well as details of the individual observations and light curves. We also conducted phenomenological modelling to investigate the basic source properties. Results. We present the first VHE γ -ray flare from M87 detected since 2010. The flux above 350 GeV more than doubled within a period of ≈36 hours. We find that the X-ray flux is enhanced by about a factor of two compared to 2017, while the radio and millimetre core fluxes are consistent between 2017 and 2018. We detect evidence for a monotonically increasing jet position angle that corresponds to variations in the bright spot of the EHT image. Conclusions. Our results show the value of continued MWL monitoring together with precision imaging for addressing the origins of high-energy particle acceleration. While we cannot currently pinpoint the precise location where such acceleration takes place, the new VHE γ -ray flare already presents a challenge to simple one-zone leptonic emission model approaches, and it emphasises the need for combined image and spectral modelling.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesMeta-epidemiology (narrow)
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Other design · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.794
Threshold uncertainty score1.000
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
Opus teacher head0.013
GPT teacher head0.198
Teacher spread0.185 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation status
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
Study designOther design
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".
Quick stats
Citations28
Published2024
Admission routes2
Has abstractyes